Jephthah

Anthony Munday, Thomas Dekker (1602)

Historical Records

Payments to Playwrights (Henslowe's Diary)

Fol. 105^v (Greg I.168)

Lent vnto the companye the 5 of maye 1602

to geue vnto antoney monday & thomas deckers

J earnest of a Bocke called Jeffae

as may apeare the some of . . . . v^ll

Payments, Miscellaneous (Henslowe's Diary)

Fol. 105^v (Greg I.168)

Layd owt for the companye when they

Read the playe of Jeffa for wine at

the tavern dd vnto thomas downton . . . . .ij^s

Payments for Properties and Apparel (Henslowe's Diary)

Fol. 106^v (Greg I.170)

Lent vnto Thomas downton the 8 of

maye 1602 to bye cottes for the

playe of Jeffa the some of . . . . vj^ll

Lent vnto thomas downton the 12

of June 1602 to by Rebatous & other

thinges for the playe of Jeffa the some

of . . . . iiij^ll

pd at the apoynt of thomas downton

vnto the tayller for mackynge of sewtes

for Jeffa the 25 of June 1602 some of . . . . xxx^s

Lent vnto the company 1602 the 27 of

June to paye vnto hime w^ch made ther

propertyes for Jeffa the some of . . . . xxv^s

Lent vnto thomas downton the

5 of July 1602 to paye the cvter

for the play of Jeffa the some of . . . . xxij^s

Acquittance from William Playstowe (Henslowe Papers)

Receved of m^r Henslowe the iiij^th of Agust 1602

for one monthes pay due vnto my m^r m^r Edmund

Tylney vppon the xxxj^th day of July last past

the som of iij^ll J say R[eceived] . . . . iij^ll

per mei Will Playstowe

bookes owinge for /5/

baxsters tragedy

Tobias Comedy

Jepha Judg of Jsrael & the Cardinall

loue parts frendshipp

(Dulwich College, MSS I, article 37; qtd. Greg, Henslowe Papers, 58-59)

Theatrical Provenance

Performed by the Admiral's Men at the Fortune, perhaps in July.

Probable Genre(s)

Biblical History (Harbage).

Possible Narrative and Dramatic Sources or Analogues

The story of Jephthah is told in Judges 11-12. Born an illegitimate son to a Gileadite named Gilead, Jephthah is cast out by his legitimate half-brothers. However, when Israel is attacked by the Ammonites, the Gileadite elders solicit Jephthah's leadership in battle; he agrees on the condition that he will be their head. They agree, and Jephthah begins negotiations with the Ammonites, whose grievance concerns land ownership. An impasse is reached, and Jephthah prepares for battle. Upon reaching the Ammonites, "Jephthah vowed a vow unto the Lord, and said, If thou shalt without fail deliver the children of Ammon into mine hands, Then it shall be, that whatsoever cometh forth of the doors of my house to meet me, when I return in peace from the children of Ammon, shall surely be the Lord's, and I will offer it up for a burnt offering" (11:30-31). After conquering the Ammonites, Jephthah returns to his home, where he is greeted, "with timbrels and with dances," by his daughter. Jephthah laments the unpreventable catastrophe, "for I have opened my mouth unto the Lord, and I cannot go back" (11:35). His daughter submits to her fate, requesting only permission to bewail her virginity for the space of two months (11:37). Upon her return, Jephthah "did with her according to his vow which he had vowed" (11:39). While the story of his daughter's death is the key narrative event with which Jephthah is associated, he is described as serving as a judge of Israel for six years (12:7): in particular, his war with the Ephraimites is remembered for the Gileadites' strategy of discerning their enemy by asking them to pronounce the word shibboleth (12:6).

John Christopherson dramatized the story of Jephthah in his Greek tragedy Iephte (c. 1544) as did George Buchanan in his Latin Iephthes sive votum (Paris, 1554). The story also enjoyed circulation in ballad form. In 1567-68, the Stationers' Register records the entrance of "a ballett intituled the songe of JESPHAS Dowgther at his [i.e. her] death" (Arber I.355). An allusion to one such ballad appears in Hamlet: after taunting Polonius as "Jephthah, judge of Israel," Hamlet recites the tetrameter lines, "One fair daughter and no more, / The which he loved passing well" (Jenkins, ed., 2.2.399, 403-4). These lines are found in the ballad "Jepha Judge of Israel," which is preserved in the Shirburn manuscript, c. 1603-1625 (British Library, Add MS 82932, f. 183v; qtd. Clark 174-76), and in a surviving broadside printed c. 1658–64 (Roxburghe Collection 3.201; Roxburghe Ballads 6.685-66; Jenkins, ed., 475-77).

Perhaps the closest analogue to the Admiral's play might have been Munday's own treatment of the story in his The Mirror of Mutabilitie (London, 1579), in which Jephthah, a "right and rare example for all men to take heed of vaine othes" (sig. G3v), delivers a 66-line complaint, including a reminiscence of his exchange with his daughter. The concluding moral is: "Stil vow no more then well perfourme you may: / And so be sure you cannot goe astray" (sig. H1r).

References to the Play

None known.

Critical Commentary

[Under construction.]

Marino observes that the allusions to Jephthah in Shakespeare's Hamlet occur near references to several other characters who served as subjects of Admiral's Men plays, such as "Marshal Osric" and "Caesar's Fall" (97–100). Since all three of these Admiral's plays were acquired by the company in 1602, Marino proposes that the combination is less likely coincidental than it is evidence that Q2 Hamlet (1604-5) represents a state of the play revised shortly before its publication, perhaps even after James Roberts's S.R. entrance for the play on 26 July 1602 (103–4).

For What It's Worth

[Under construction.]

Works Cited

[Under construction.]

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