Samson, The Story of
Historical Records
Adjudication by the wardens of the Carpenters' Company, 15 July 1567
(GL. MS 4329/1; qtd here from Berry, 146)
... And that the said John brayne on Satterdaie next [19 July] ensueinge the date above written shall paye to the sayd Willyam Sylvester the some of eight pounds tenne shillings lawfull money of england & that after the playe whch is called the storye of Sampson be once plaied at the place aforesaid the said John shall deliver to the said Willyam suche bonds as are now in his custodie for the performaunce of the bargaine ...
Theatrical Provenance
The Story of Samson was to be performed at the Red Lion playhouse. In the complaint lodged by Brayne versus Sylvester and recorded by the Court Book of the Carpenters' Company, the location of the theatrical structure was "in the parishe of Stebinyhuthe" (Berry, 146). "Stebinyhuthe" was Stepney, "the sprawling parish east of the city in Middlesex" (Berry, 134).
A lawsuit in the Court of King's Bench in Hilary term 11 Elizabeth (1569) in which John Brayne sued a second carpenter, John Reynolds, provides further details about the location of the playhouse (TNA. KB 27/1229/m. 30). It was "wythin the Courte or yarde lying on the south syde of the Garden belonginge to the messuage or farme howse called & knowen by the name of the sygne of the redd lyon … beinge at Myle end in the Paryshe of Seynt Mary Matfellon otherwyse called whyte Chappell withowte Algate of Londondsometyme called Starks House" (Berry, 147). See Ingram for further exploration of the neighborhood, plus conjectural maps (106-9).
Three features of the structure are addressed in the complaint and lawsuit collectively. One is "skaffolds," or galleries, for which Sylvester was responsible; the adjudication refers to "suche skaffolds as he the said Wm hathe made at the house called the red lyon" (Berry, 146). A second is a stage, for which Reynolds was responsible; in the lawsuit, the stage is called "one Skaffolde or stage for enterludes or playes" (Berry, 147). The third, a turret, also was Reynolds' responsibility. It is described in the lawsuit in considerable but confusing detail: "one convenyent turrett of Tymber & boords wch shall conteyne & be in heyghte from the grounde sett uppon plates thirtie foote of assyse wth A Convenyent flower of tymber & boordes wthin the same Turrett seaven foote vnder the toppe of the same Turrett" (Berry, 147).
For further details about the architecture, finances, and use of the Red Lion, see "Critical Commentary," below).
Probable Genre(s)
Biblical tragedy
Possible Narrative and Dramatic Sources or Analogues
The story had to have been based on the Old Testament narrative of Samson and Delilah. In the Miles Coverdale translation quoted below (1535), the narrative begins in Judges 13.2 and continues through Judges 16.31. Its major episodes include the following:
1. Birth narrative (Judges 13.2-25)
But there was a man at Zarga, of one of ye kynreds of the Danites, named Manoah, and his wife was vnfrutefull & bare him no children. And the angell of the LORDE appeared vnto ye woman, & sayde vnto her: Beholde, thou art baren, & bearest not: but thou shalt conceaue, & beare a sonne. Take hede therfore, yt thou drynke no wyne ner stronge drynke, and yt thou eate no vncleane thinge, for thou shalt conceaue, and beare a sonne, vpo whose heade there shal come no rasoure: for ye childe shal be a Nazaree of God, euen from his mother wombe, and shall begynne to delyuer Israel out of the hande of the Philistynes" (13.2-5). The child is subsequently born and named Samson.
2. The Woman of Thimnath (Judges 14.3-14):
Samson went to Thimnath where he saw a woman he desired. His parents were displeased: "Is there not a woman amonge the doughters of yi brethren, & in all yi people, but thou must go & take a wife amoge the Philistynes, which are vncircumcised?" (14.3) Pursuing his desire, Samson returned to Thimnath, passing on the way a raging lion that he destroyed. Returning home, he saw that a swarm of bees had made honey in the carcass of the lion. His father, Manoah, went with him to Thimnath to a feast, and Samson challenged the young men in attendance with a riddle: "Meate wente out from the deuourer, and swetenesse from the mightie" (14.14). The young men threatened Samson's woman for the answer, and after seven days of crying she coaxed it out of him. Scornful of their methods ("Yf ye had not plowed wt my calfe, ye shulde not haue founde out my ryddle" [14.18]), Samson nonetheless paid his promise of fresh raiment to the puzzle solvers, but he did so by killing 30 men in Ascalon, giving their clothing to the Thimnite men, then going home.
3. Samson's revenge (Judges 15.1-20):
After a time cooling off from the insult, Samson returned to the woman of Thimnath, only to find that her father had given her to another man. In retaliation Samson tied firebrands to the tails of 300 foxes and burned the harvest. Learning what had happened, the Philistines "wente … vp, and brent her and hir father also with fyre" (15.6). They extended this revenge by waging war on Samson's people in Juda. Timorous, the men of Juda sought out Samson, who had gone to Eram; they tied him up and delivered him to the Philistines as the price of peace. But Samson broke free of the bonds and wrecked havoc with his would-be captors: "And he founde the cheke bone of a deed asse: then put he forth his hande, and toke it, & slewe a thousande men therwith: And Samson sayde: With an olde asses cheke bone, yee eue with the cheke bone of an asse haue I slayne a thousande men (15.15-16]). Following this victory, Samson "iudged Israel in the tyme of the Philistynes twetye yeare" (15.20).
3. Dalilah (Judges 16.4-31)
Returning to Canaan, Samson "fell into the loue of a woman by ye broke of Sorek, whose name was Dalila" (16.4). The Philistine men bribed her to discover the secret of his strength, and after giving her three false answers, he finally complied: "There came neuer rasoure vpon my heade, for I am a Nazaree of God fro my mothers wombe. Yf I were shauen, my strength shulde departe fro me, so that I shulde be weake, and as all other men" (16.17). The Philistines then took him, bound him, blinded him, and "made him to grynde in the preson" (16.21). On the feast day of their god Dagon, the Philistine princes called for Samson to be brought forth for their sport. After he had endured their taunts awhile, he asked his guide to put his hands on the two pillars that held up the temple. He then "called vpon the LORDE, & sayde: O LORDE LORDE, thynke vpon me, & strength me but this once O God I beseke the, yt for both myne eyes I maye auege me on the Philistynes. And he toke holde of ye two mydpilers, that the house stode vpon & was holden by, the one in his righte hade, & ye other in his lefte, 30 & saide: My soule dye wt the Philistynes, & he bowed him selfe mightely. Then fell the house vpon the prynces & vpon all the people that were therin, so that there were mo of ye slayne which dyed in his death, the he slewe whyle he lyued" (16.28-30). His family and the people of Juda claimed his body and buried him with his father. (16.31)
References to the Play
The only known reference is in the court minutes of Carpenters' Company on 15 July 1567, in which the wardens respond to the complaint by John Brayne against the poor workmanship of William Sylvester. The wardens determine that Brayne is to pay Sylvester the £8 10s due him on the following Saturday (19 July) after the performance of "The Story of Samson" ("Historical Records," above).
Critical Commentary
Marsh, Chambers
Bower Marsh provided the initial transcription of the Brayne-Sylvester adjudication, in time for E. K. Chambers to generate an entry for the Red Lion in The Elizabethan Stage. Including it as the earliest of the London inns, Chambers recognized Brayne, whom he knew to be a grocer, as "the same who financed his brother-in-law, James Burbadge, in the far more important enterprise of the Theatre in 1576" (II, 380).
Loengard
Berry, Ingram
Berry
Ingram
For What It's Worth
Berry conjectures that "Brayne put more money into his galleries than into his stage, probably because the arrangement common in 1576 and after was alrady established: the financier had the taking in the galleries, and the players those in the yard" (137).
Berry (135) and Ingram (103-4) comment on the probable competence of William Sylvester as a carpenter. Berry points out that he had already had eighteen years free of his apprenticeship in 1567; Ingram notes that he subsequently became a warden of the company. From this work history, both scholars deduce that Sylvester's work was deemed satisfactory by the four-member team of wardens who went to inspect it and that Brayne paid the £8 10s by 19 July 1567, as the wardens declared he should do.
Berry comments in contrast that John Reynolds "was a novice, out of his apprenticeship only" ten months in the summer of 1567 (135).
Works Cited
Berry, Herbert. "The First Public Playhouses, Especially the Red Lion," Shakespeare Quarterly 40.2 (1989): 133-48.
Ingram, William. The Business of Playing. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1992.
Marsh, Bower, ed. Records of the Worshipful Company of Carpenters. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1913-16. Vol. III, 95-6.
Site created and maintained by Roslyn L. Knutson, Professor Emerita, University of Arkansas at Little Rock; updated 14 June 2011.