Caesar and Pompey, Parts 1 and 2

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Historical Records

Performance Records (Henslowe's Diary)

F.10^v (Greg I.20):	y^e 8 of novemb[er] 1594	ne . .	R[d] at seser & pompie	iij^ll ij^s
	y^e 14 of novembe[er] 1594		R[d] at sesor & pompie	xxxv^s
	y^e 25 of novemb[er] 1594		R[d] at seser and pompey	xxxij^s
	y^e 10 of desemb[er] 1594		R[d] at seser	xij^s

F.11 (Greg I.21):	y^e 18 of Jenewary 1594		R[d] at seaser	xxv^s
	y^e j of febreary 1594		R[d] at seaser	xxiiij^s

F.11^v (Greg I.22):	y^e 6 of marche 1595		R[d] at seaser	xx^s

F.12^v (Greg I.24):	y^e 25 of June 1595		R[d] at the j pte of seaser	xxij^s

Theatrical Provenance

It was first performed by the Admiral's Men at the Rose on Friday 8 November 1594. It was performed three more times in 1594 and four more times in 1595.

Probable Genre(s)

Classical history (Harbage).

Possible Narrative and Dramatic Sources or Analogues

The civil conflict between Caesar and Pompey was available to early modern playwrights through a plethora of sources, especially Appian's Civil Wars, Plutarch's Lives, Lucan's Civil War, Suetonius's Lives of the Twelve Caesars, Cassius Dio's Roman History and Caesar's own Civil War. It is utterly impossible to imagine which source (or sources) may have been chosen for this play and its sequel.

For a summary of the main events of the conflict between Caesar and Pompey, see "Caesar and Pompey".

References to the Play

None known.

Critical Commentary

Parrott (440) seems to have a point when he conjectures as follows:

The Admiral's Company in 1594 stood under the leadership of Alleyn, and were, in their choice of tragedies, dominated by the tradition of Marlowe. A glance through the pages of Henslowe's Diary for 1594 shows us what sort of tragedies they preferred; from June 3, 1594, to March 14, 1595 we have an unbroken series of plays. . . . Seser and pompie stands well up among other plays, with a record of seven performances between Nov. 8, 1594, and March 14, 1595, and was revived once more in connection with a less successful
second part on Jime 25, 1595. . . . Now, if we may argue from the known to the unknown, have we not reason to suppose that the Admiral's play was a vigorous chronicle of the wars of Caesar and Pompey with plenty of action to tickle the groundlings, and, I fancy, a
fine mouth-filling part for Alleyne as Caesar?

For Gentili (18), the presence of the two-part "Caesar and Pompey" in the Admiral's Men's repertory in the mid-1590s suggests that the company wanted to go back on the themes already developed in Thomas Lodge's The Wounds of Civil Wars, though bringing on stage character far more popular than either Gaius Marius or Lucius Cornelius Sulla.

For Feldmann and Tetzeli von Rosador's intriguing discussion of the Admiral's Men's "Caesar and Pompey, Part 1", "Caesar and Pompey, Part 2", "Catiline's Conspiracy (Catiline)" (by Robert Wilson and Henry Chettle) and "Caesar's Fall" (by Michael Drayton, Thomas Middleton, Anthony Munday and John Webster) as multi-Caesarean project, see "Caesar's Fall".

Wiggins (entry 972) argues that the play ended with Pompey's death, as the sequel "evidently saw a shift of emphasis away from Pompey".

For What It's Worth

There is absolutely no reason to assume that this play and/or its sequel may have been an enlarged version of the lost "Caesar and Pompey" (1580), that they may have been revised by George Chapman as Caesar and Pompey (c. 1604, publ. 1631) or by William Shakespeare as Julius Caesar (1599, publ. 1623), nor that they may have had any kind of relation with the anonymous Caesar's Revenge (c. 1595, publ. 1606), as critics variously speculated at the beginning of the twentieth century -- a consequence of the tendency of that period to lump title of plays together with no objective grounds.

If Feldmann and Tetzeli von Rosador are right in conjecturing that the Admiral's Men produced a Caesarean cycle of some sort, then it is legitimate to wonder where the two parts finished respectively. If Part 1, as Wiggins reasonably suggests (see above), finished with Pompey's death, Part 2 may have followed Caesar in Egypt with Cleopatra and then dramatized his forays into Africa and Spain, concluding with Cato's suicide in Thapsus and Caesar's victory over Pompey's sons in Munda. If this was the case, then the events shown in "'Caesar's Fall"" would have to have been essentially the same as those chronicled in Shakespeare's Julius Caesar. This would lend credibility to the hypothesis that "Caesar's Fall" was commissioned by Henslowe to an ensemble of accomplished poets in order to try both to rival and to capitalize on the Lord Chamberlain's Men's dramatic offering. "Caesar's Fall" might therefore even have been a later addition to the cycle, which could have easily finished with Caesar's final victory rather than his murder (as occurs with Chapman's Caesar and Pompey).

Works Cited

Parrott, Thomas Marc. "The 'Academic Tragedy' of Caesar and Pompey." Modern Language Review 5 (1910), 435-44.

Gentili, Vanna. La Roma antica degli elisabettiani. Bologna: il Mulino, 1991.

Feldmann, Doris, and Kurt Tetzeli von Rosador. "Lost Plays: A Brief Account." Thomas Middleton: The Collected Works. Ed. Gary Taylor and John Lavagnino. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2007. 328-333.

Site created and maintained by Domenico Lovascio, University of Genoa; updated 24 July 2015.