King Xerxes
Historical Records
Accounts of the Office of the Revels
The accounts of the Office of the Revels record various expenses disbursed in the preparation of the performance of "Xerxes" and its aftermath. Payments were made for Thomas Blagrave's two trips to peruse and reform the play; for armor lent from the armorer Roger Tindall; for wax for a cake; for a wig to be worn by Xerxes' sister; for a canvas fringe to decorate the set; and for the transportation of three loads of materials to Blackfriars after the play was performed.
| Thomas Blagrave esquier for mony by him disburced | ||
| vpon sundry occazions concerning this Office and Thaffares | ||
| thereof as foloweth videlicet | ||
| 26o Novembris. 1574 | ||
| .3. | ||
| Iorneyeng charges | Horshyer and charges by the waye at Wynsor | |
| stayeng there ij dayes in November iiij | ||
| daies for pervzing & Reformyng of ffarantes | ||
| playe &c. | xlijs vjd | |
| .5o. Decembris 1574 | ||
| .3. | ||
| Horsehyer to hampton Coorte to conferr with | ||
| my Lord Chamberlayne the Lord Haward, & | ||
| Mr Knevett vpon certayne devices & to pervze | ||
| ffarantes playe there againe iij daies the charges | ||
| wherof with horsemeate at kingston is | xxvijs viijd | |
| […] | ||
| 6o Ianvarij | ||
| […] | ||
| Hier of Armour | To Roger Tyndall tharmerer for Lending of Armor for | |
| ffarrantes playe and for attending the same | xjs. iiijd. | |
| […] | ||
| Wexchaundler | Wax for A Cake in ffarrantes playe | iijs vjd. |
| […] | ||
| Edward Buggyn gentleman clerkcomptrowler of Thoffice | ||
| for mony by him disburced videlicet | ||
| […] | ||
| xjo. Ianvarij. | ||
| for A periwigg of Heare for king xerxces syster | ||
| in ffarrantes playe | iiijs. viijd. | |
| for Cariage of iij Lode of stuf (for the playe &c. on | ||
| twelfe Nighte) to the watersyde at the Blackfryers | iijs. | |
| […] | ||
| .jo. ffebruarij .1574. | ||
| neccessaries | for ij ells of Canvas to make frenge for the players | |
| howse in farrantes play | xxd | |
(The National Archives, AO 3/907/4, ff. 9r–10r, 12r; qtd. Feuillerat 238-40, 244)
Declared Accounts of the Treasurer of the Chamber
(MSC VI, 9)
Theatrical Provenance
Performed on 6 January 1575 by the Children of Windsor before the Queen at Hampton Court.
Probable Genre(s)
Classical History (?) (Harbage)
Possible Narrative and Dramatic Sources or Analogues
The narrative of the play probably revolved around the Persian invasion of Greece, their occupation of Athens, and their ultimate defeat in the naval battle at Salamis, as recounted in Herodotus' Histories. As Wiggins observes, the wax cake acquired for the performance seems likely to have been used to dramatize an episode in which the Athenians decide to evacuate Attica to flee the approaching Persians:
- it is said by the Athenians that a great snake lives in their temple, to guard the acropolis; in proof whereof they do ever duly set out a honey-cake as a monthly offering for it; this cake had ever before been consumed, but was now left untouched. When the priestess made that known, the Athenians were the readier to leave their city, deeming their goddess, too, to have deserted the acropolis. (Herodotus 8.41)
If the climax of the play was the Battle of Salamis, one major role was almost certainly the Athenian general Themistocles, who leads the Greek forces the victory.
Less clear is what role would have been played by "king xerxces syster." Wiggins (121) proposes that the episode may have come from Diodorus Siculus' Bibliotecha historica (11.57) that takes place several years after the victory at Salamis and the retreat of the Persians from Greece, when Themistocles' political rivals organize to have him ostracized from Athens. After fleeing to Argos, and then Epirus, Themistocles eventually ends up in Persia at the court of Xerxes. While the Persian king pledges not to punish the Athenian, Xerxes' sister Mandanê pleads with him to avenge the death of her sons at Salamis by having Themistocles killed. Despite the king's initial refusal, Mandanê incites a mob to demand punishment and Xerxes agrees to convene a jury of noble Persians to decide Themistocles' fate. At the trial, Themistocles defends himself in Persian and is acquitted. Xerxes celebrates by marrying him to a virtuous and beautiful Persian woman.
An alternative candidate for Xerxes' sister proposed by Wiggins comes from a separate episode in Herodotus (9.108-13), in which Xerxes falls in love with his sister-in-law, the wife of his brother Masistes. She refuses him and his affections shift towards her daughter Artaÿnte. Xerxes' own wife, Amestris, discovers the affair and jealously assumes the culpability of Masistes's wife, upon whom she exacts revenge by mutilating her.
Of the two candidates, Wiggins prefers the former, which would "have given Richard Farrant an opportunity to have written a woman's song of lament for her dead menfolk, which seems to have been a speciality of his: both of his surviving dramatic songs ["Alas, you salt-sea gods" for "The Tragedy of Panthea" and "Come, tread the paths of pensive pangs" for "The Tragedy of Gismond"] are on the same theme" (121).
Another distinct candidate for Xerxes' sister (unmentioned by Wiggins) could be Artozostre, the daughter of Darius (thus, sister to Xerxes) who is married to the Persian commander Mardonius (Herodotus 6.43). Mardonius is a key advisor to Xerxes—he is "ever with the king and had more influence with him than any Persian" (7.5)—and is instrumental in convincing him to attack the Athenians. After the Persian defeat at Salamis, Mardonius leads the sack of Athens; he is eventually killed in battle at Plataea (9.64). Perhaps the death of Mardonius could have occasioned a lament by his widow, Xerxes' sister.
References to the Play
None known. (Content welcome.)
Critical Commentary
Wallace (124) assumes that the play was authored by Farrant, describing its tragic theme "well suited to such serious-mindedness of the man as exhibited in his rolling anthems."
Arkwright (129), notes that one of Farrant's extant songs, "O Jove, from the stately throne," refers to a character named "Altages"; assuming that this was intended to be a Persian name, he speculates that the song may have been written for "Xerxes."
Wiggins (121-22) offers a narrative reconstruction of the play (see Possible Narrative and Dramatic Sources or Analogues above). He also proposes that the "Marrynels whissell," which appears in the Revels accounts unconnected to a specific play (Feuillerat 236), might well have been used in the production of "Xerxes." On the subject of Thomas Blagrave's "perusal" of the play, he suggests that Blagrave either read the play or saw it performed, and that in his second trip he may have been aided by Thomas Knyvet.
Streitberger (122n) argues, contra Wiggins, that there is "no evidence for the speculation […] that Knyvet assisted Blagrave in reforming" the play. Rather, given "Knyvet's connection to the storehouse at Westminster, he was probably consulting on material for the revels."
For What It's Worth
Farrant's song "O Jove, from stately throne" is found in the consort song part-books, British Library, Add MS 17786-17791. The text of the song reads:
- O Joue from stately throne
- Cast downe thine heavenly eye,
- And search the secrets of my hart
- Accused wrongfully.
- Aye mee, if you in heaven
- Regard the faithfull wight,
- Defend O God my righteous cause
- And bringe the truth to light.
- [Alas, alas,] Alas to just request
- You gratious graunt, ah yeald
- That my Altages may perceave
- How truth my hart doth shild. ("Early Elizabethan," 32)
Works Cited
Site created and maintained by Misha Teramura, Reed College; updated 23 December 2016.