Hercules, Parts 1 and 2: Difference between revisions

 
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|venue=Rose
|venue=Rose
|company=Admiral's
|company=Admiral's
|probableGenres=Classical legend
|probableGenres=Classical
|documentarySources=Performance Records (Henslowe's Diary)
|documentarySources=Performance Records (Henslowe's Diary)
|wigginsNo=#999, #1001
|wigginsNo=#999, #1001
Line 13: Line 13:


====Playlists in Philip Henslowe's diary====
====Playlists in Philip Henslowe's diary====
<br>
 
:Fol. 11<sup>v</sup> [https://archive.org/details/henslowesdiary00unkngoog/page/n82/mode/1up (Greg I.22)]
:Fol. 11<sup>v</sup> [https://archive.org/details/henslowesdiary00unkngoog/page/n82/mode/1up (Greg I.22)]


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| y<sup>e</sup> 7 of maye 1595
| y<sup>e</sup> 7 of maye 1595
| . . . . . . . . . ne . .  
| . . . . . . . . . ne . .  
| R''d'' at the firste ꝑte of herculous
| R''es'' at the firste ꝑte of herculous
| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  iij<sup>l</sup> xiij<sup>s</sup>
| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  iij<sup>l</sup> xiij<sup>s</sup>
|-
|-
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| y<sup>e</sup> 20 of maye 1595
| y<sup>e</sup> 20 of maye 1595
|
|
| R''d'' at hercolas
| R''es'' at hercolas
| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iij<sup>l</sup> ix<sup>s</sup>
| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iij<sup>l</sup> ix<sup>s</sup>
|-
|-
| y<sup>e</sup> 23 of maye 1595
| y<sup>e</sup> 23 of maye 1595
| . . . . . ne . .  
| . . . . . ne . .  
| R''d'' at 2 ꝑ of hercolas
| R''es'' at 2 ꝑ of hercolas
| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iij<sup>l</sup> x<sup>s</sup>
| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iij<sup>l</sup> x<sup>s</sup>
|-
|-
| y<sup>e</sup> 27 of maye 1595
| y<sup>e</sup> 27 of maye 1595
|
|
| R''d'' at j ꝑte of herculos
| R''es'' at j ꝑte of herculos
| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii<sup>l</sup>  
| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii<sup>l</sup>  
|-
|-
| y<sup>e</sup> 28 of maye 1595
| y<sup>e</sup> 28 of maye 1595
|
|
| R''d'' at 2 ꝑte of herculas
| R''es'' at 2 ꝑte of herculas
| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iij<sup>l</sup> ij<sup>s</sup>
| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iij<sup>l</sup> ij<sup>s</sup>
|-
|-
| y<sup>e</sup> 12 of June 1595
| y<sup>e</sup> 12 of June 1595
|
|
| R''d'' at the j ꝑt of herculos
| R''es'' at the j ꝑt of herculos
| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iij<sup>l</sup> j<sup>s</sup>
| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iij<sup>l</sup> j<sup>s</sup>
|-
|-
| y<sup>e</sup> 13 of June 1595
| y<sup>e</sup> 13 of June 1595
|
|
| R''d'' at the 2 ꝑt of herculos
| R''es'' at the 2 ꝑt of herculos
| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iij<sup>l</sup> ij<sup>s</sup>
| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iij<sup>l</sup> ij<sup>s</sup>
|-
|-
| y<sup>e</sup> 1 of septmbʒ 1595
| y<sup>e</sup> 1 of septmbʒ 1595
| —————
| —————
| R''d'' at j ꝑte of hercvlos
| R''es'' at j ꝑte of hercvlos
| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iij<sup>l</sup> iiij<sup>s</sup>
| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iij<sup>l</sup> iiij<sup>s</sup>
|-
|-
| y<sup>e</sup> 2 of septmbʒ 1595
| y<sup>e</sup> 2 of septmbʒ 1595
|
|
| R''d'' at 2 ꝑte of hercvlos
| R''es'' at 2 ꝑte of hercvlos
| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iij<sup>l</sup>
| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iij<sup>l</sup>
|-
|-
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| y<sup>e</sup> 22 of septmbʒ 1595
| y<sup>e</sup> 22 of septmbʒ 1595
| —————
| —————
| R''d'' at j ꝑte of herculos
| R''es'' at j ꝑte of herculos
| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxj<sup>s</sup>
| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxj<sup>s</sup>
|-
|-
| y<sup>e</sup> 23 of septmbʒ 1595
| y<sup>e</sup> 23 of septmbʒ 1595
|
|
| R''d'' at 2 ꝑt of herculos
| R''es'' at 2 ꝑt of herculos
| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiij<sup>s</sup>
| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiij<sup>s</sup>
|-
|-
| y<sup>e</sup> 12 of octobʒ 1595
| y<sup>e</sup> 12 of octobʒ 1595
| —————
| —————
| R''d'' at j ꝑte of herculos
| R''es'' at j ꝑte of herculos
| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxix<sup>s</sup>
| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxix<sup>s</sup>
|-
|-
| y<sup>e</sup> 13 of octobʒ 1595
| y<sup>e</sup> 13 of octobʒ 1595
| —————
| —————
| R''d'' at 2 ꝑte of herculus
| R''es'' at 2 ꝑte of herculus
| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxv<sup>s</sup>
| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxv<sup>s</sup>
|-
|-
| y<sup>e</sup> 25 of octobʒ 1595
| y<sup>e</sup> 25 of octobʒ 1595
| —————
| —————
| R''d'' at j ꝑte of herculos
| R''es'' at j ꝑte of herculos
| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxij<sup>s</sup>
| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxij<sup>s</sup>
|-
|-
| y<sup>e</sup> 2 of novmbʒ 1595
| y<sup>e</sup> 2 of novmbʒ 1595
| —————
| —————
| R''d'' at the 2 ꝑt of hercolas
| R''es'' at the 2 ꝑt of hercolas
| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxviij<sup>s</sup>
| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxviij<sup>s</sup>
|-
|-
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| y<sup>e</sup> 24 of novmbʒ 1595  
| y<sup>e</sup> 24 of novmbʒ 1595  
| ————
| ————
| R''d'' at j  herculos
| R''es'' at j  herculos
| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xx<sup>s</sup>
| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xx<sup>s</sup>
|-
|-
| y<sup>e</sup> 25 of novmbʒ 1595
| y<sup>e</sup> 25 of novmbʒ 1595
|
|
| R''d'' at 2 ꝑt of herculos
| R''es'' at 2 ꝑt of herculos
| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvj<sup>s</sup>
| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvj<sup>s</sup>
|-
|-
| y<sup>e</sup> 18 of desembʒ 1595  
| y<sup>e</sup> 18 of desembʒ 1595  
| . . m<sup>r</sup> pd . .  
| . . m<sup>r</sup> pd . .  
| R''d'' at j ꝑt of herculos
| R''es'' at j ꝑt of herculos
| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiij<sup>s</sup>
| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiij<sup>s</sup>
|-
|-
| y<sup>e</sup> 6 of Jenewary 1595  
| y<sup>e</sup> 6 of Jenewary 1595  
|
|
| R''d'' at hurculos the j ꝑte
| R''es'' at hurculos the j ꝑte
| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xx<sup>s</sup>
| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xx<sup>s</sup>
|-
|-
|}
|}
<br><br>
<br><br>
===Payments===
===Payments===
====For playbooks in Philip Henslowe's diary====
:Fol. 45<sup>v</sup> ([https://archive.org/details/henslowesdiary00unkngoog/page/n146/mode/1up Greg, I. 86])
:::{|
| Lente vnto the company the 16 of maye 1598 to bye||}||
|-
| v boocks of martine slather called ij ꝑtes of hercolus||}|| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; vij<sup>ll</sup>
|-
| & focas & pethagores & elyxander & lodicke w<sup>ch</sup> laste||}||
|-
| book he hath not yet delyuerd the some of . . . . . . ||}||
|-
|}


====For apparel in Philip Henslowe's diary====
====For apparel in Philip Henslowe's diary====


:Fol. 47<sup>v</sup> ([https://archive.org/details/henslowesdiary00unkngoog/page/n150/mode/1up Greg, I. 90]
:Fol. 47<sup>v</sup> ([https://archive.org/details/henslowesdiary00unkngoog/page/n150/mode/1up Greg, I. 90])


:::{|
:::{|
| lent vnto Thomas dowton the 16 of July 1598||}||
| lent vnto Thomas dowton the 16 of July 1598||}||
|-
|-
| to bye a Robe to playe hercolas in the some ||}|| xxxx<sup>s/<sup>
| to bye a Robe to playe hercolas in the some ||}|| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; xxxx<sup>s</sup>
|-
|-
| of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ||}||
| of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ||}||
|-
|-
|}
|}
<br><br>
 
====For miscellaneous expenses in Philip Henslowe's diary====
 
:Fol. 95 ([https://archive.org/details/henslowesdiary00unkngoog/page/n211/mode/1up Greg, I. 151)])
 
:::{|
| dd vnto the littell tayller to bye . . . . . ||}||
|-
| for the playe of he[''c'']rcollas the 14 of desembʒ||}|| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; xx<sup>s</sup>
|-
| 1601 the some of . . . . . . . . . . . . ||}||
|-
|}
 
 
:::{|
| pd vnto the littell tayller 18 of desembʒ||}||
|-
| 1601 for divers thinges for the playe of ||}|| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; v<sup>s</sup>
|-
| hercolas the some of . . . . . . . . . . . . ||}||
|-
|}
<br>


===Inventories===
===Inventories===
Line 162: Line 201:
:See below, [[#Critical Commentary|Critical Commentary]], specifically,  [[WorksCited|Fleay, ''BCED'']] and [[WorksCited|Greg II]].
:See below, [[#Critical Commentary|Critical Commentary]], specifically,  [[WorksCited|Fleay, ''BCED'']] and [[WorksCited|Greg II]].
<br>
<br>
 
[[category:Inventories]]
=====List of Playbooks=====
=====List of Playbooks=====


:[[WorksCited|Greg, ''Papers'']] [https://archive.org/details/cu31924026119705/page/n138 (APX. I, art. 1, p. 121, col 2. ll. 188-9)]<br>
:[[WorksCited|Greg, ''Papers'']] [https://archive.org/details/cu31924026119705/page/n138 (APX. I, art. 1, p. 121, col 2. ll. 188-9)]<br>
<br>
 
:Under the heading&nbsp;“''A Note of all suche bookes as belong to the Stocke, and such as I have bought since the 3d of Marche'' 1598  
:Under the heading&nbsp;“''A Note of all suche bookes as belong to the Stocke, and such as I have bought since the 3d of Marche'' 1598  


:::1 ꝑ<sup>t</sup> of Hercules:
:::1 ꝑ<sup>t</sup> of Hercules
:::2 ꝑ<sup>te</sup> of Hercoles
:::2 ꝑ<sup>te</sup> of Hercoles
<br>
<br>
Line 175: Line 214:
== Theatrical Provenance ==
== Theatrical Provenance ==


The Admiral's men offered the two parts of "Hercules" in serial fashion at the Rose playhouse over a nine-month period beginning in May 1595.
The Admiral's men offered the two parts of "Hercules" in serial fashion at the Rose playhouse over a nine-month period beginning in May 1595. See [[#Critical Commentary|Critical Commentary]] below for claims that the play was also revived in 1598 or later.
<br><br>
<br><br>


Line 186: Line 225:
== Possible Narrative and Dramatic Sources or Analogues ==
== Possible Narrative and Dramatic Sources or Analogues ==


No doubt the traditional resources for stories of ancient mythology and heroic legend provided the narrative material for both parts of the "Hercules" plays. '''Gurr'' specifically suggests "Jasper Heywood's translation of Seneca's ''Hercules Furens'' "(p. 214, n.41).
No doubt the traditional resources for stories of ancient mythology and heroic legend provided the narrative material for both parts of the "Hercules" plays. '''Gurr''' specifically suggests "Jasper Heywood's translation of Seneca's ''Hercules Furens'' " (p. 214, n.41).


<br><br>
<br><br>
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== References to the Play ==
== References to the Play ==


It is a good guess that Thomas Heywood was remembering one or more commercial plays featuring Hercules when he referred in "An Apology for Actors" to actions he had seen dramatized. This pair is the only one known now, but of course there could have been others, given the popularity of the Herculean character.
It is a good guess that Thomas Heywood was remembering one or more commercial plays featuring Hercules when he referred in "An Apology for Actors" to actions he had seen dramatized. This pair is the only one known now, but of course there could have been others, given the popularity of the Herculean character. See [[WorksCited|Wiggins]] below for guesses about the content of the plays based in part on Heywood's comments in the essay.
<br><br>
<br><br>


== Critical Commentary ==
== Critical Commentary ==


[[WorksCited|Malone]] asserts without identifying his evidence that "Hercules" was "written by Martin Slaughter" (p.297, n.7). [[WorksCited|Collier]] also attributes the authorship of both parts to Martin Slaughter (p. 51, n.3). He claims that the authorship was confirmed "[i]n another part of the Diary" but does not specify which part. Nonetheless, he is most probably thinking ([[WorksCited|Malone]] too, probably) of the bulk purchase by the Admiral's men from Martin Slaughter on 16 May 1598 that included "v boocks of martine slather," two of which were "ij ꝑtes of hercolus" (Fol. 45<sup>v</sup> [https://archive.org/details/henslowesdiary00unkngoog/page/n146/mode/1up?view=theater Greg, I.86]). Collier, commenting on that bulk purchase, does not claim explicitly that Slaughter was the ''original'' author of the "Hercules" pair (or the others), but he attributes authorial activity by asserting that Slaughter "must again have had them in his hands, perhaps for alteration and addition" (p. 123, n.2).
<br>


[[WorksCited|Malone]] asserted without identifying his evidence that "Hercules" was "written by Martin Slaughter" (p.297, n.7).
[[WorksCited|Fleay, ''BCED'']] [[category:F. G. Fleay]] has a different opinion of Martin Slaughter's relationship to the "Hercules" plays. Using the bulk purchase moment as his focus, he declares that Slaughter "had been a sharer with Alleyn in the properties and plays" of the Admiral's men, and he had a "right to plays acted before then [sic.?], but he was certainly not the author of them" (2.303, #166). Stepping thus on Collier's supposition, Fleay offers another, identifying the first part of "Hercules" as "probably [Thomas] Heywood's ''Silver Age'' and the second part as "[p]robably Heywood's 'Brazen Age'" (2.304, #167). In his ''Chronicle History'' (p. 114), Fleay assigns the following properties in Henslowe's inventory lists to the "Hercules" plays:   
 
 
[[WorksCited|Collier]] also attributed the authorship of both parts to Martin Slaughter (p. 51, n.3). He claimed that the authorship was confirmed "[i]n another part of the Diary" but did not specify which part. Nonetheless, he was most probably thinking of the bulk purchase by the Admiral's men from Martin Slaughter on 16 May 1598 that included "v boocks of martine slather," two of which were "ij ꝑtes of hercolus" (Fol. 45<sup>v</sup> [https://archive.org/details/henslowesdiary00unkngoog/page/n146/mode/1up?view=theater Greg, I.86]). Collier, commenting on that bulk purchase, did not claim explicitly that Slaughter was the ''original'' author of the "Hercules" pair (or the others), but he attributed authorial activity by asserting that Slaughter "must again have had them in his hands, perhaps for alteration and addition" (p. 123, n.2).
 
 
[[WorksCited|Fleay, ''BCED'']] had a different opinion of Martin Slaughter's relationship to the "Hercules" plays. Using the bulk purchase moment as his focus, he declared that Slaughter "had been a sharer with Alleyn in the properties and plays" of the Admiral's men, and he had a "right to plays acted before then [sic.?], but he was certainly not the author of them" (2.303, #166). Stepping thus on Collier's supposition, Fleay offered another, identifying the first part of "Hercules" as "probably [Thomas] Heywood's ''Silver Age'' and the second part as "[p]robably Heywood's 'Brazen Age'" (2.304, #167). In his ''Chronicle History'' (p. 114), Fleay assigned the following properties in Henslowe's inventory lists to the "Hercules" plays:   


:: for "1 Hercules" (which he considered a forerunner of Heywood's ''Silver Age''):  
:: for "1 Hercules" (which he considered a forerunner of Heywood's ''Silver Age''):  
:::Iris's head and rainbow ("Ierosses head, & raynbowe" [https://archive.org/details/cu31924026119705/page/n133/mode/2up Greg, ''Papers'', APX. I, art. 1, p. 117, l. 70])
:::Iris's head and rainbow ("Ierosses head, & raynbowe" [https://archive.org/details/cu31924026119705/page/n133/mode/2up Greg, ''Papers'', APX. I, art. 1, p. 117, l. 70])
:::Cerberus's three heads ("Serberosse iii heades" [https://archive.org/details/cu31924026119705/page/n133/mode/2up Greg, ''Papers'', APX. I, art. 1, p. 117, l. 73])
:::Cerberus's three heads ("Serberosse iij heades" [https://archive.org/details/cu31924026119705/page/n133/mode/2up Greg, ''Papers'', APX. I, art. 1, p. 117, l. 73])
:::the Caduceus ("j Cadeseus" [https://archive.org/details/cu31924026119705/page/n133/mode/2up Greg, ''Papers'', APX. I, art. 1., p. 117, l. 74])
:::the Caduceus ("j Cadeseus" [https://archive.org/details/cu31924026119705/page/n133/mode/2up Greg, ''Papers'', APX. I, art. 1., p. 117, l. 74])
:::Mercury's wings ("Mercures wings" [https://archive.org/details/cu31924026119705/page/n133/mode/2up Greg, ''Papers'', APX. I, art. 1., p. 117, l. 80])
:::Mercury's wings ("Mercures wings" [https://archive.org/details/cu31924026119705/page/n133/mode/2up Greg, ''Papers'', APX. I, art. 1., p. 117, l. 80])
:: for "2 Hercules" (which he considered a forerunner of Heywood's ''Brazen Age''):  
:: for "2 Hercules" (which he considered a forerunner of Heywood's ''Brazen Age''):  
:::the Golden Fleece ("j golden fleece" ([https://archive.org/details/cu31924026119705/page/n133/mode/2up Greg, ''Papers'', APX. I, art. 1, p. 116, l. 63])
:::the Golden Fleece ("j gowlden flece" ([https://archive.org/details/cu31924026119705/page/n133/mode/2up Greg, ''Papers'', APX. I, art. 1, p. 116, l. 63])
:::the boar's head ("j bores heade" [https://archive.org/details/cu31924026119705/page/n133/mode/2up Greg, ''Papers'', APX. I, art. 1, p. 117, l. 73])
:::the boar's head ("j bores heade" [https://archive.org/details/cu31924026119705/page/n133/mode/2up Greg, ''Papers'', APX. I, art. 1, p. 117, l. 73])
:::Hercules's limbs ("Hercules limes" [https://archive.org/details/cu31924026119705/page/n131/mode/2up Greg, ''Papers'', APX. I, art. 1, p. 114, l. 25])
:::Hercules's limbs ("Hercolles limes" [https://archive.org/details/cu31924026119705/page/n131/mode/2up Greg, ''Papers'', APX. I, art. 1, p. 114, l. 25])
:::the chain of dragons ("j chain of dragons" [https://archive.org/details/cu31924026119705/page/n135/mode/2up Greg, ''Papers'', APX. I, art. 1, p. 118, l. 82])
:::the chain of dragons ("j chayne of dragons" [https://archive.org/details/cu31924026119705/page/n135/mode/2up Greg, ''Papers'', APX. I, art. 1, p. 118, l. 82])
[[category:Props]]
[[category:Props]]


[[WorksCited|Greg II]] followed Fleay in identifying these plays with Thomas Heywood's pair, ''The Silver Age'' and ''The Brazen Age'', asserting there could be "little doubt." However, like Fleay, he presented no evidence beyond the presumed common subject matter (#'s 71 & 72, p. 175). In ''Papers'', Greg added the following properties to the list generated by Fleay:  
[[WorksCited|Greg II]] follows Fleay in identifying these plays with Thomas Heywood's pair, ''The Silver Age'' and ''The Brazen Age'', asserting there could be "little doubt." However, like Fleay, he presents no evidence beyond the presumed common subject matter (#'s 71 & 72, p. 175). In ''Papers'', Greg adds the following properties to the list generated by Fleay:  
::for "1 Hercules"  
::for "1 Hercules"  
::: the lion skin ("j lyone skin" [https://archive.org/details/cu31924026119705/page/n133/mode/2up Greg, ''Papers'', APX. I, art. 1, p. 117, l. 66])
::: the lion skin ("j lyone skin" [https://archive.org/details/cu31924026119705/page/n133/mode/2up Greg, ''Papers'', APX. I, art. 1, p. 117, l. 66])
Line 225: Line 260:
::for "2 Hercules"  
::for "2 Hercules"  
::: Juno's coat ("Junoes cotte" [https://archive.org/details/cu31924026119705/page/n135/mode/2up Greg, ''Papers'', APX. I, art. 1, p. 119, l. 122])
::: Juno's coat ("Junoes cotte" [https://archive.org/details/cu31924026119705/page/n135/mode/2up Greg, ''Papers'', APX. I, art. 1, p. 119, l. 122])
<br>


'''Gurr''' repeats the assertion of Malone and Collier that Martin Slater (Slaughter) was the author of the two "Hercules" plays (p. 102); he appears to be making their same assumption, namely that the bulk sale of five plays to the Admiral's men on 16 May 1598 is evidence not only that the plays were Slater's property but also his authorial handiwork (in another context, however, Gurr refers to the purchase as "old manuscripts in Slater's possession:" [p. 214, n.41]). Concerning the "Hercules" plays in production, Gurr claims that Thomas Downton "took on Hercules and probably other [Edward] Alleyn parts in 1598" (p. 278), apparently generalizing from Henslowe's payment to Downton of 20s. to buy a robe "to playe hercolas" in July 1598 (see above, Greg, I, 47<sup>v</sup>). Claiming also that the "Hercules" plays were "planned" as a pair, he offers the opinion that "the twelve labours were divided equally between the two plays" (p. 185). If he is right, the division of properties across the two plays provided by Fleay and Greg does not apply (they thought all of the labors were dramatized in part 1). 
<br>
<br>


'''Gurr''' repeats the assertion of Malone and Collier that Martin Slater (Slaughter) was the author of the two "Hercules" plays (p. 102); he appears to be making their same assumption, namely that the bulk sale of five plays to the Admiral's men on 16 May 1598 was evidence not only that the plays were Slater's property but also his authorial handiwork (in another context, however, Gurr refers to the purchase as "old manuscripts in Slater's possession:" [p. 214, n.41]). Concerning the "Hercules" plays in production, Gurr claims that Thomas Downton "took on Hercules and probably other [Edward] Alleyn parts in 1598" (p. 278), apparently generalizing from Henslowe's payment to Downton of 20s. to buy a robe "to playe hercolas" in July 1598 (see above, Greg, I, 47<sup>v</sup>). Claiming also that the "Hercules" plays were "planned" as a pair, he offers the opinion that "the twelve labours were divided equally between the two plays" (p. 185). If he is right, the division of properties across the two plays provided by Fleay and Greg do not apply (they thought all of the labors were dramatized in part 1). 
[[WorksCited|Wiggins, ''Catalogue'' (#999, #1001)]], influenced by Heywood's references to one or more "Hercules" plays, follows also the opinion of Collier and Greg in assigning the twelve labors to part 1 of "Hercules" (see #999 for the complications that "fighting monsters ... [offer] ... problems of staging"). Wiggins suggests that part 2 began with the search for the golden fleece and ended with the death of Hercules at the hands of his wife, Dejanira, and the robe she soaked in the blood of Nessus (see #1001 for Wiggins' plot choices based on Henslowe's inventory of properties). Wiggins respects the opinion of Fleay and Greg sufficiently on the question of authorship to refer readers to his own entries for ''The Silver Age'' (#1645) and ''The Age of Brass'' (#1653).
 
 
<br>[[WorksCited|Wiggins, ''Catalogue'' (#999, #1001)]] follows the opinion of Collier and Greg in assigning the twelve labors to part 1 of "Hercules" (see #999 for the complications that "fighting monsters ... [offer] ... problems of staging"). Wiggins suggests that part 2 began with the search for the golden fleece and ended with the death of Hercules at the hands of his wife, Dejanira, and the robe she soaked in the blood of Nessus (see #1001 for Wiggins' plot choices based on Henslowe's inventory of properties). Wiggins respects the opinion of Fleay and Greg sufficiently to refer readers to his own entries for ''The Silver Age'' (#1645) and ''The Age of Brass'' (#1653).
<br><br>
<br><br>


== For What It's Worth ==
== For What It's Worth ==


The two-part "Hercules" appears to be the oldest of the plays listed in Henslowe's inventory of playbooks, which is dated 3 March 1598. The next oldest play appears to be "The Umers," or ''The Comedy of Humours'' (or ''A Humourous Day's Mirth''), which was new on 11 May 1597.<br><br>
The two-part "Hercules" appears to be the oldest of the plays listed by Henslowe in an inventory of playbooks dated 3 March 1598. The second oldest play appears to be "The Umers," which is widely assumed to be George Chapman's ''A Humourous Day's Mirth'', Q1599 ([[WorksCited|Wiggins, #1073]]) and which Henslowe entered "ne" on 11 May 1597 as "the comodey of vmers" in the calendar of plays offered that spring.<br><br>


== Works Cited ==
== Works Cited ==
<br>


<div style="padding-left: 2em; text-indent: -2em">Fleay, Frederick Gard. ''A Chronicle History of the London Stage, 1559-1642 ''. 1890. New York: Burt Franklin, 1964.</div>  
<div style="padding-left: 2em; text-indent: -2em">Fleay, Frederick Gard. ''A Chronicle History of the London Stage, 1559-1642 ''. 1890. New York: Burt Franklin, 1964.</div>  
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Site created and maintained by [[Roslyn L. Knutson]], Professor Emerita, University of Arkansas at Little Rock; 9 February 2021.
Site created and maintained by [[Roslyn L. Knutson]], Professor Emerita, University of Arkansas at Little Rock; 9 February 2021.
[[category:all]][[category:Rose]][[Category:Henslowe's records]][[category:Roslyn L. Knutson]][[category:Update]][[category:Admiral's]][[category:Serial/Sequel plays]]
[[category:all]][[category:Rose]][[Category:Henslowe's records]][[category:Roslyn L. Knutson]][[category:Update]][[category:Admiral's]][[category:Serial/Sequel plays]][[category:Costumes]][[category:Martin Slater]]
[[category:Dragons]][[category:Edmond Malone]][[category:John Payne Collier]]

Latest revision as of 10:52, 19 September 2022

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Historical Records

Performance Records

Playlists in Philip Henslowe's diary

Fol. 11v (Greg I.22)
ye 7 of maye 1595 . . . . . . . . . ne . . Res at the firste ꝑte of herculous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iijl xiijs


Fol. 12v (Greg I.24)
ye 20 of maye 1595 Res at hercolas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iijl ixs
ye 23 of maye 1595 . . . . . ne . . Res at 2 ꝑ of hercolas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iijl xs
ye 27 of maye 1595 Res at j ꝑte of herculos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iil
ye 28 of maye 1595 Res at 2 ꝑte of herculas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iijl ijs
ye 12 of June 1595 Res at the j ꝑt of herculos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iijl js
ye 13 of June 1595 Res at the 2 ꝑt of herculos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iijl ijs
ye 1 of septmbʒ 1595 ————— Res at j ꝑte of hercvlos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iijl iiijs
ye 2 of septmbʒ 1595 Res at 2 ꝑte of hercvlos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iijl


Fol. 13 (Greg I.25)
ye 22 of septmbʒ 1595 ————— Res at j ꝑte of herculos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxjs
ye 23 of septmbʒ 1595 Res at 2 ꝑt of herculos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiijs
ye 12 of octobʒ 1595 ————— Res at j ꝑte of herculos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxixs
ye 13 of octobʒ 1595 ————— Res at 2 ꝑte of herculus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxvs
ye 25 of octobʒ 1595 ————— Res at j ꝑte of herculos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxijs
ye 2 of novmbʒ 1595 ————— Res at the 2 ꝑt of hercolas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxviijs


Fol. 14 (Greg, I. 27)
ye 24 of novmbʒ 1595 ———— Res at j herculos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxs
ye 25 of novmbʒ 1595 Res at 2 ꝑt of herculos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvjs
ye 18 of desembʒ 1595 . . mr pd . . Res at j ꝑt of herculos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiijs
ye 6 of Jenewary 1595 Res at hurculos the j ꝑte . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxs



Payments

For playbooks in Philip Henslowe's diary

Fol. 45v (Greg, I. 86)
Lente vnto the company the 16 of maye 1598 to bye }
v boocks of martine slather called ij ꝑtes of hercolus }     vijll
& focas & pethagores & elyxander & lodicke wch laste }
book he hath not yet delyuerd the some of . . . . . . }

For apparel in Philip Henslowe's diary

Fol. 47v (Greg, I. 90)
lent vnto Thomas dowton the 16 of July 1598 }
to bye a Robe to playe hercolas in the some }     xxxxs
of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . }

For miscellaneous expenses in Philip Henslowe's diary

Fol. 95 (Greg, I. 151))
dd vnto the littell tayller to bye . . . . . }
for the playe of he[c]rcollas the 14 of desembʒ }     xxs
1601 the some of . . . . . . . . . . . . }


pd vnto the littell tayller 18 of desembʒ }
1601 for divers thinges for the playe of }     vs
hercolas the some of . . . . . . . . . . . . }


Inventories

Philip Henslowe's papers in the Dulwich College Library

List of Properties
See below, Critical Commentary, specifically, Fleay, BCED and Greg II.


List of Playbooks
Greg, Papers (APX. I, art. 1, p. 121, col 2. ll. 188-9)
Under the heading “A Note of all suche bookes as belong to the Stocke, and such as I have bought since the 3d of Marche 1598
1 ꝑt of Hercules
2 ꝑte of Hercoles


Theatrical Provenance

The Admiral's men offered the two parts of "Hercules" in serial fashion at the Rose playhouse over a nine-month period beginning in May 1595. See Critical Commentary below for claims that the play was also revived in 1598 or later.

Probable Genre(s)

Classical Harbage

Possible Narrative and Dramatic Sources or Analogues

No doubt the traditional resources for stories of ancient mythology and heroic legend provided the narrative material for both parts of the "Hercules" plays. Gurr specifically suggests "Jasper Heywood's translation of Seneca's Hercules Furens " (p. 214, n.41).



References to the Play

It is a good guess that Thomas Heywood was remembering one or more commercial plays featuring Hercules when he referred in "An Apology for Actors" to actions he had seen dramatized. This pair is the only one known now, but of course there could have been others, given the popularity of the Herculean character. See Wiggins below for guesses about the content of the plays based in part on Heywood's comments in the essay.

Critical Commentary

Malone asserts without identifying his evidence that "Hercules" was "written by Martin Slaughter" (p.297, n.7). Collier also attributes the authorship of both parts to Martin Slaughter (p. 51, n.3). He claims that the authorship was confirmed "[i]n another part of the Diary" but does not specify which part. Nonetheless, he is most probably thinking (Malone too, probably) of the bulk purchase by the Admiral's men from Martin Slaughter on 16 May 1598 that included "v boocks of martine slather," two of which were "ij ꝑtes of hercolus" (Fol. 45v Greg, I.86). Collier, commenting on that bulk purchase, does not claim explicitly that Slaughter was the original author of the "Hercules" pair (or the others), but he attributes authorial activity by asserting that Slaughter "must again have had them in his hands, perhaps for alteration and addition" (p. 123, n.2).

Fleay, BCED has a different opinion of Martin Slaughter's relationship to the "Hercules" plays. Using the bulk purchase moment as his focus, he declares that Slaughter "had been a sharer with Alleyn in the properties and plays" of the Admiral's men, and he had a "right to plays acted before then [sic.?], but he was certainly not the author of them" (2.303, #166). Stepping thus on Collier's supposition, Fleay offers another, identifying the first part of "Hercules" as "probably [Thomas] Heywood's Silver Age and the second part as "[p]robably Heywood's 'Brazen Age'" (2.304, #167). In his Chronicle History (p. 114), Fleay assigns the following properties in Henslowe's inventory lists to the "Hercules" plays:

for "1 Hercules" (which he considered a forerunner of Heywood's Silver Age):
Iris's head and rainbow ("Ierosses head, & raynbowe" Greg, Papers, APX. I, art. 1, p. 117, l. 70)
Cerberus's three heads ("Serberosse iij heades" Greg, Papers, APX. I, art. 1, p. 117, l. 73)
the Caduceus ("j Cadeseus" Greg, Papers, APX. I, art. 1., p. 117, l. 74)
Mercury's wings ("Mercures wings" Greg, Papers, APX. I, art. 1., p. 117, l. 80)
for "2 Hercules" (which he considered a forerunner of Heywood's Brazen Age):
the Golden Fleece ("j gowlden flece" (Greg, Papers, APX. I, art. 1, p. 116, l. 63)
the boar's head ("j bores heade" Greg, Papers, APX. I, art. 1, p. 117, l. 73)
Hercules's limbs ("Hercolles limes" Greg, Papers, APX. I, art. 1, p. 114, l. 25)
the chain of dragons ("j chayne of dragons" Greg, Papers, APX. I, art. 1, p. 118, l. 82)

Greg II follows Fleay in identifying these plays with Thomas Heywood's pair, The Silver Age and The Brazen Age, asserting there could be "little doubt." However, like Fleay, he presents no evidence beyond the presumed common subject matter (#'s 71 & 72, p. 175). In Papers, Greg adds the following properties to the list generated by Fleay:

for "1 Hercules"
the lion skin ("j lyone skin" Greg, Papers, APX. I, art. 1, p. 117, l. 66)
the altar ("j littell alter" Greg, Papers, APX. I, art. 1, p. 117, l. 70)
the bull's head ("j bulles head" Greg, Papers, APX. I, art. 1, p. 118, l. 83)
for "2 Hercules"
Juno's coat ("Junoes cotte" Greg, Papers, APX. I, art. 1, p. 119, l. 122)


Gurr repeats the assertion of Malone and Collier that Martin Slater (Slaughter) was the author of the two "Hercules" plays (p. 102); he appears to be making their same assumption, namely that the bulk sale of five plays to the Admiral's men on 16 May 1598 is evidence not only that the plays were Slater's property but also his authorial handiwork (in another context, however, Gurr refers to the purchase as "old manuscripts in Slater's possession:" [p. 214, n.41]). Concerning the "Hercules" plays in production, Gurr claims that Thomas Downton "took on Hercules and probably other [Edward] Alleyn parts in 1598" (p. 278), apparently generalizing from Henslowe's payment to Downton of 20s. to buy a robe "to playe hercolas" in July 1598 (see above, Greg, I, 47v). Claiming also that the "Hercules" plays were "planned" as a pair, he offers the opinion that "the twelve labours were divided equally between the two plays" (p. 185). If he is right, the division of properties across the two plays provided by Fleay and Greg does not apply (they thought all of the labors were dramatized in part 1).

Wiggins, Catalogue (#999, #1001), influenced by Heywood's references to one or more "Hercules" plays, follows also the opinion of Collier and Greg in assigning the twelve labors to part 1 of "Hercules" (see #999 for the complications that "fighting monsters ... [offer] ... problems of staging"). Wiggins suggests that part 2 began with the search for the golden fleece and ended with the death of Hercules at the hands of his wife, Dejanira, and the robe she soaked in the blood of Nessus (see #1001 for Wiggins' plot choices based on Henslowe's inventory of properties). Wiggins respects the opinion of Fleay and Greg sufficiently on the question of authorship to refer readers to his own entries for The Silver Age (#1645) and The Age of Brass (#1653).

For What It's Worth

The two-part "Hercules" appears to be the oldest of the plays listed by Henslowe in an inventory of playbooks dated 3 March 1598. The second oldest play appears to be "The Umers," which is widely assumed to be George Chapman's A Humourous Day's Mirth, Q1599 (Wiggins, #1073) and which Henslowe entered "ne" on 11 May 1597 as "the comodey of vmers" in the calendar of plays offered that spring.

Works Cited

Fleay, Frederick Gard. A Chronicle History of the London Stage, 1559-1642 . 1890. New York: Burt Franklin, 1964.
Gurr, Andrew. Shakespeare's Opposities: The Admiral's Company, 1594-1625. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009



Site created and maintained by Roslyn L. Knutson, Professor Emerita, University of Arkansas at Little Rock; 9 February 2021.