Cutlack: Difference between revisions

Line 131: Line 131:


==For What It's Worth==
==For What It's Worth==
The fact that King Gurgunt is a major figure in the Norwich pageant welcoming the queen to the city on 16 August 1578 suggests some currency at least in one part of England for the ancillary characters in Gurgunt's story, one of which is Cutlack.


Based on the evidence that "Cutlack" was the Danish king, Guichlac, the genre of the play might as well be "history" as Harbage's guess of "tragedy."
Based on the evidence that "Cutlack" was the Danish king, Guichlac, the genre of the play might as well be "history" as Harbage's guess of "tragedy."

Revision as of 15:16, 24 June 2010

Anon. (1594)


Historical Records

Henslowe's Diary


F. 9 (Greg I.17)

Under the play list for "my lord admeralls men" on 14-16 May 1594:

Rd at Cvlacke the 16 of maye 1594 xxxxijs


Under the play list "begininge at newington for "my Lord Admeralle men & my Lorde chamberlen men" for 10 performances, June 3-13:

ye 6 of June 1594 Rd at cvtlacke xjs


In Henslowe's play lists beginning 15 June 1594, the date on which W. W. Greg decided that the Admiral's players had returned to the Rose after their 10-day run at Newington with the Chamberlain's players:

ye 17 of June 1594 Rd at cutlacke xxxvs
ye 24 of June 1594 Rd at cvtlacke xxvs
ye 27 of June 1594 Rd at cvttlacke xxxvjs


F. 9v (Greg I.18)

ye 4 of Julye 1594 Rd at cvtlacke xxiiijs
ye 15 of Julye 1594 Rd at cvtlacke xxxvs
ye 29 of Julye 1594 Rd at cvtlacke xxixs
ye 8 of aguste 1594 Rd at cvttlacke xiijs vjd
ye 22 of aguste 1594 Rd at cvttlacke xxiijs vjd


F. 10 (Greg I.19)

ye 6 of septemb[er] 1594 Rd at cvtlacke xjs
ye 26 of septmb[er] 1594 Rd at cuttlacke xiiijs


Note: The entry 8 August 1594 is one of several in the diary that shares a calendar date with another play. In this instance, Henslowe entered Philipo and Hippolito for 7 August and The Massacre at Paris for 8 August, duplicating those dates with the assignment of the 7th to The Jew of Malta and the 8th to Cutlack.

Theatrical Provenance

The newly formed Admiral's men introduced Cutlack without the enigmatic sign "ne" on 16 May 1594 when they acquired the lease at the Rose playhouse that they were to maintain until their move to the Fortune in the fall of 1600. They gave the play 12 performances before retiring it, apparently for good, as it does not reappear in records from Henslowe's diary. The absence of a "ne" suggests a prior history with another company before May 1594.


Probable Genre(s)

Tragedy? (Harbage)


Possible Narrative and Dramatic Sources or Analogues

In Annals Harbage offers "Guthlac ?" as a possible identification of the character Geoffrey of Monmouth calls "Guichlac" (III.2-4, 11). Guichlac was the king of the Danes in the time of Belinus and Brennius, sons of Mulmutius Dunwallow. The identification is supported by the following evidence: first, the narrative of Guichlac in Geoffrey's The History of the Kings of Britain; second, the connection of the name "Gutlack," or "Cutlake," with that narrative:

Guichlac's story, according to Geoffrey of Monmouth in The History of the Kings of Britain: Internet Archive

• Brennius was returning to Britain with a force of Norwegian warriors to defend his holdings against the military take-over of his brother, Belinus, when Guichlac followed and attacked him.
• In the course of the battle, Guichlac saw and desired the woman Brennius had married. Boarding Brennius's ship, Guichlac kidnapped the wife.
• A storm arose suddenly, scattering the ships of both factions. In a curious turn of fate, Guichlac's ship beached in Northumbria where Belinus was encamped (on Brennius's territory). Belinus took Guichlac and Brennius's bride as prisoners to use as pawns of his revenge against Brennius.
• Meanwhile Brennius landed with his Norwegians in Scotland; Belinus sought him out and defeated him.
• At a council at York, Belinus released Guichlac, who offered yearly tribute in return for allowing him to go home to Denmark with Brennius's stolen bride.
• There Guichlac remained until Belinus's son, Gurguint Barbtruc, invaded his home, killed him, and subjugated his people, all because Guichlac refused to pay to the son the tribute he had paid the father, Belinus.


"Gutlack" and "Cutlake" as variant spellings of "Guichlac" in the late 16th century:

B. G. [Bernard Garter], The ioyfull receyuing of the Queenes most excellent Maiestie into hir Highnesse citie of Norvvich the things done in the time of hir abode there: and the dolor of the citie at hir departure …. 1578. EEBO


King Gurgunt I am hight, King Belins eldest sonne,
Whose syre Dunwallo first, the Brittish crowne did weare.
Whom truthlesse Gutlack forste to passe the surging seas,
His falshode to reuenge, and Denmarke land to spoile.
(B3r)


William Warner, Albions England Or historicall map of the same island … Continuing the same historie vnto the tribute to the Romaines, entrie of the Saxones, inuasion by the Danes, and conquest by the Normaines …. 1586. EEBO


My Brothers Kingdome seemes, forsooth, an Ouer-match to myne,
My Kingdome, Cutlake, therefore is an Under-match to thyne?
Nay, giue (and so I hope ye will) the Prize to me, and than,
Let Cutlake with his Crowne of Danske vn-crowne me, if he can.
(p. 63)


Cutlack's narrative was well known to Spenser. In Book II of The Faerie Queene, in the history book Guyon reads in the library at Alma's castle, Spenser tells the story of Mulmutius Dunwallow in some detail, but he truncates the actions of the bellicose sons. He thus omits the sub-plot of the Danish king, Guichlac, except to say that Belinus's son, Gurgunt, "Danmarke wonne,/ And ... did foy and tribute raise,/ The which was dew in his dead fathers dayes" (II.x.41.3-5).

References to the Play

In Epigram #43, "Of Clodius," Everard Guilpin mocks a braggart who copies moves from characters in plays, one of which is Cutlack:

Clodus me thinks lookes passing big of late, 

With Dunstons browes, and Allens Cutlacks gate : 

What humours haue possest him so, I wonder, 

His eyes are lightning, and his words are thunder: 

What meanes the Bragart by his alteration? 

He knows he's known too wel, for this fond fashion : 

To cause him to be feared : what meanes he than ?

Belike, because he cannot play the man. 

Yet would be awde, he keepes this filthy reuell,
Stalking and roaring like to Job's great deuill.
Google Books

Critical Commentary

Gurr renders general critical opinion of the allusion in Guilpen's epigram by interpreting "Allens Cutlacks gate" as a reference to the gait, or stride, of the character in the Admiral's play as performed by Edward Alleyn (203n). In another context, Gurr characterizes Cutlack as "heroic" (50).

For What It's Worth

The fact that King Gurgunt is a major figure in the Norwich pageant welcoming the queen to the city on 16 August 1578 suggests some currency at least in one part of England for the ancillary characters in Gurgunt's story, one of which is Cutlack.

Based on the evidence that "Cutlack" was the Danish king, Guichlac, the genre of the play might as well be "history" as Harbage's guess of "tragedy."

Works Cited

B. G., The ioyfull receyuing of the Queenes most excellent Maiestie into hir Highnesse citie of Norvvich the things done in the time of hir abode there: and the dolor of the citie at hir departure. Wherein are set downe diuers orations in Latine, pronounced to hir Highnesse by Sir Robert Wood Knight, now Maior of the same citie, and others: and certaine also deliuered to hir Maiestie in vvriting: euery of the[m] turned into English. 1578. EEBO


Geoffrey of Monmouth, History of the Kings of Britain. trans. Sebastian Evans, rev. Charles W. Dunn. New York: E. F. Dutton, 1958. Print. Internet Archive


Guilpen, Everard. Skialetheia. 1598. Google Books

Gurr, Andrew. Shakespeare's Opposites: The Admiral's Company 1594-1625. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2009.


Warner, William. Albions England Or historicall map of the same island: prosecuted from the liues, actes, and labors of Saturne, Iupiter, Hercules, and AEneas: originalles of the Brutons, and English-men, and occasion of the Brutons their first aryuall in Albion. Continuing the same historie vnto the tribute to the Romaines, entrie of the Saxones, inuasion by the Danes, and conquest by the Normaines. With historicall intermixtures, inuention, and varietie: proffitably, briefly, and pleasantly, performed in verse and prose by William Warner. 1586. EEBO


Site created and maintained by Roslyn L. Knutson, Professor Emerita, University of Arkansas at Little Rock; updated 8 March 2010.