Black Joan
Historical Records
Henslowe Papers
Greg, Papers, 118:
Under Henslowe's title, "The Enventary tacken of all the properties for my Lord Admeralles men, the 10 of Marche 1598" is:
Item, j frame for the heading in Black Jone.
Greg, Papers, 121:
Under Henslowe's title, "A Note of all suche bookes as belong to the Stocke, and such as I have bought since the 3d of March 1598" is:
Blacke Jonne.
Theatrical Provenance
The Admiral's Company.
Probable Genre(s)
Tragedy (?) (Harbage, 64-5).
Possible Narrative and Dramatic Sources or Analogues
None known.
References to the Play
None known.
Critical Commentary
For reasons which remain unclear, it has been suggested that this was a witchcraft play. H. W. Herrington, for example, posits a “dramatic vogue” for witchcraft plays in the late 1590s (478), and, after discussing Mother Redcap, writes:
Earlier in the same year [1597] Henslowe notes a performance of "The Witch of Islington." By the next year had been written "Black Joan." The former was either an out-and-out witch play, or else such a play with political bearings. The latter, in all probability, was a witch play also. If we may judge from the titles and the growing realism of dramatic treatment, they were of a kind far closer to actual life than those hitherto considered. (478)
Purkiss supports Herrington's suggestion of a mini-vogue for witch plays at this time and speculates that the play may have influenced Shakespeare's Joan la Pucelle in 1 Henry VI (197 n.28).
However, it is unclear whether Herrington or Purkiss were aware of the second reference to the play. Here the spelling would seem to indicate ‘John’, rather than ‘Joan’. This might be said to undermine the suggestion that the entries refer to a witchcraft play; although witches were not exclusively female, of course.
It is also unclear why "Black Joan" (if indeed the title is "Joan" and not "John") should refer to a witch. "Black" is used to connote criminality in the case of the eponymous highwayman of the lost Black Dog of Newgate, Parts 1 and 2 (1602, 1603), to connote ghostliness in the lost Black Bateman of the North, Parts 1 and 2 (1598), and possibly to connote disaster of some kind in the lost The Black Wedding (1653). In none of these cases does it suggest an association with witchcraft (though it just possibly may in the lost The Black Lady of 1622).
With regards to the 'frame for the heading', G. B. Harrison suggests that this refers to 'a piece of stage machinery to produce the illusion of a beheading.' (103) This would not be for the execution of a witch, if the play is indeed a witchcraft play: witches were hanged or, if the play is a historical one set before the witchcraft acts of 1542 and 1563, burnt.
In the context of stagecraft, Fiona Martin discusses the possible performance of the beheading in this play:
[O]nstage decapitations appear to have been a rare occurrence during the early modern period; Owens draws attention to the possibility that there may have been onstage beheadings that we do not know about, because the plays have been lost (139), while it is also possible that beheadings were performed yet not specified in the stage directions. Such a possibility is suggested by Henslowe's diary, for example (Owens 139): in an inventory of properties dated 10 March 1598, one of the items listed is “j frame for the heading in Black Jone” (Rutter 137), a play no longer extant. This entry appears to confirm the possibility that a particular apparatus for the staging of beheadings did exist at that time, and that the action presumably took place onstage; unfortunately, the diary affords no further details of such equipment. (Martin 65)
Works Cited
Site created and maintained by Simon Davies, University of Sussex, 13 May 2011; updated David McInnis 14 May 2011.